In the investigation,
we explore different nonliner behaviors occur in sigma delta modulators
(SDMs). The necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of fixed
point or limit cycle of bandpass SDMs are derived. Then the periodicity of
the output sequences, the stability of these elliptical trajectories and the
admissible set of periodic output sequences of bandpass SDMs are discussed.
The phenomenon that the ellipses or elliptic fractal regions are the
global attractors of the second order marginally stable bandpass SDM with
sum of the numerator and denominator polynomials of the loop filter equal to
one has been analytically explained and proved. The conditions for the
occurrence of the trapezoids in bandpass SDMs are also given. Fractal
patterns may also be exhibited in the phase plane when the system matrices of
bandpass SDMs are strictly stable. This occurs when the sets of initial
conditions corresponding to convergent or limit cycle behavior do not
cover the whole phase plane. When the leading coefficient of the numerator of the
loop filter of bandpass SDMs is positive, the limit cycle (if it exists)
will become unstable, and the global attractor region does not exist.
Hence, the trajectory will diverge for some initial conditions. The
growth is linear and the spectrum of the output sequence has a pole at the
natural frequency of the loop filter. This result can be used to distinguish the
spectra of elliptic fractal patterns confiend in the trapezoids or
irregular chaotic patterns from that of the divergent patterns. Finally,
the global stability criterion of high order lowpass SDMs is investigated. The
global stability of SDMs does not only depend on the existence of an
invariant set or whether the range of the system mapping form a partition on
the invariant set or not, but it also depends on the size of the
hyperplane formed from the projection of the invariant set onto its first
co-ordinate (based on the direct form realization), and the sign of the product of
the leading filter coefficients in the numerator and that in the denominator
as well.